{"id":3256,"date":"2024-12-27T13:43:32","date_gmt":"2024-12-27T16:43:32","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/thiagorossi.com.br\/blog\/?p=3256"},"modified":"2025-12-10T11:17:29","modified_gmt":"2025-12-10T14:17:29","slug":"laravel-migrations","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/thiagorossi.com.br\/blog\/laravel-migrations\/","title":{"rendered":"Laravel Migrations"},"content":{"rendered":"Tempo de leitura: <\/span> 4<\/span> minutos<\/span><\/span>\n

As Laravel Migrations<\/strong> atuam como um sistema de controle de vers\u00e3o para o esquema do seu banco de dados, permitindo que voc\u00ea defina, modifique e compartilhe a estrutura de dados da aplica\u00e7\u00e3o de maneira organizada e consistente. Elas garantem que todos os membros da equipe e ambientes de implanta\u00e7\u00e3o estejam sempre com a mesma estrutura de banco de dados.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Este artigo detalha o ciclo de vida das migrations<\/em>, desde a gera\u00e7\u00e3o dos arquivos at\u00e9 a execu\u00e7\u00e3o de altera\u00e7\u00f5es no esquema.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

<\/div>\n\n\n\n

1. \ud83c\udfd7\ufe0f Gerando e Estruturando Migrations<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Uma migration<\/em> \u00e9 uma classe que define as altera\u00e7\u00f5es no esquema (up()<\/code>) e como revert\u00ea-las (down()<\/code>).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

<\/div>\n\n\n\n

A. Gera\u00e7\u00e3o<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Use o Artisan para criar o arquivo, especificando a inten\u00e7\u00e3o da migration<\/em> com as flags<\/em> --create<\/code> ou --table<\/code>:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bash<\/p>\n\n\n\n

# Para criar uma nova tabela (cria o m\u00e9todo Schema::create automaticamente)\nphp artisan make:migration create_posts_table --create=posts\n\n# Para modificar uma tabela existente (cria o m\u00e9todo Schema::table automaticamente)\nphp artisan make:migration add_user_id_to_posts_table --table=posts\n<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n
O arquivo gerado \u00e9 colocado em database\/migrations<\/code> com um timestamp<\/em> para garantir a ordem de execu\u00e7\u00e3o.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
<\/div>\n\n\n\n
B. M\u00e9todos Principais<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
Cada arquivo de migration<\/em> cont\u00e9m dois m\u00e9todos:<\/p>\n\n\n\n
M\u00e9todo<\/strong><\/td>Fun\u00e7\u00e3o<\/strong><\/td><\/tr><\/thead>
up()<\/code><\/strong><\/td>Executa as altera\u00e7\u00f5es no banco de dados (cria\u00e7\u00e3o, modifica\u00e7\u00e3o, adi\u00e7\u00e3o de colunas).<\/td><\/tr>
down()<\/code><\/strong><\/td>Reverte as altera\u00e7\u00f5es feitas em up()<\/code> (exclui a tabela, remove a coluna adicionada).<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n
PHP<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\/\/ Exemplo de Estrutura\nuse Illuminate\\Database\\Migrations\\Migration;\nuse Illuminate\\Database\\Schema\\Blueprint;\nuse Illuminate\\Support\\Facades\\Schema;\n\nreturn new class extends Migration\n{\n    public function up(): void\n    {\n        Schema::create('users', function (Blueprint $table) {\n            $table->id();\n            $table->string('name');\n            $table->string('email')->unique();\n            $table->timestamp('email_verified_at')->nullable();\n            $table->string('password');\n            $table->rememberToken();\n            $table->timestamps();\n        });\n    }\n\n    public function down(): void\n    {\n        Schema::dropIfExists('users');\n    }\n};\n<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n
<\/div>\n\n\n\n
2. \ud83d\uddc4\ufe0f Manipula\u00e7\u00e3o de Tabelas e Colunas<\/h2>\n\n\n\n
O Laravel utiliza a Facade Schema<\/code><\/strong> e o objeto Blueprint<\/code><\/strong> para interagir com o esquema do banco de dados de forma agn\u00f3stica (sem escrever SQL espec\u00edfico).<\/p>\n\n\n\n
<\/div>\n\n\n\n
A. Criando e Excluindo Tabelas<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
A\u00e7\u00e3o<\/strong><\/td>M\u00e9todo<\/strong><\/td>Uso<\/strong><\/td><\/tr><\/thead>
Criar Tabela<\/strong><\/td>Schema::create('tabela', function (Blueprint $table) {...})<\/code><\/td>Cria uma nova tabela.<\/td><\/tr>
Excluir Tabela<\/strong><\/td>Schema::dropIfExists('tabela')<\/code><\/td>Exclui a tabela se ela existir.<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n
<\/div>\n\n\n\n
B. Modificando Tabelas (Schema::table<\/code>)<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
Use Schema::table()<\/code> para adicionar, modificar ou remover colunas de uma tabela existente.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
PHP<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\/\/ Migration: add_is_published_to_posts_table\npublic function up(): void\n{\n    Schema::table('posts', function (Blueprint $table) {\n        $table->boolean('is_published')->default(false)->after('content');\n    });\n}\n\npublic function down(): void\n{\n    Schema::table('posts', function (Blueprint $table) {\n        \/\/ Para reverter, use dropColumn\n        $table->dropColumn('is_published'); \n    });\n}\n<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n
<\/div>\n\n\n\n
C. Defini\u00e7\u00e3o de Colunas (Blueprint)<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
Tipo<\/strong><\/td>M\u00e9todo Blueprint<\/strong><\/td>Descri\u00e7\u00e3o<\/strong><\/td><\/tr><\/thead>
ID<\/strong><\/td>$table->id()<\/code><\/td>BIGINT<\/code> (unsigned, auto-increment, PK).<\/td><\/tr>
String<\/strong><\/td>$table->string('coluna', 255)<\/code><\/td>VARCHAR<\/code>.<\/td><\/tr>
Texto<\/strong><\/td>$table->text('coluna')<\/code><\/td>Coluna TEXT<\/code> (maior que VARCHAR).<\/td><\/tr>
N\u00fameros<\/strong><\/td>$table->integer('coluna')<\/code>, $table->bigInteger('coluna')<\/code><\/td>INT<\/code> e BIGINT<\/code>.<\/td><\/tr>
Decimal<\/strong><\/td>$table->decimal('price', 8, 2)<\/code><\/td>Ponto flutuante com precis\u00e3o.<\/td><\/tr>
Datas<\/strong><\/td>$table->timestamps()<\/code><\/td>Cria created_at<\/code> e updated_at<\/code>.<\/td><\/tr>
Soft Delete<\/strong><\/td>$table->softDeletes()<\/code><\/td>Adiciona deleted_at<\/code> para exclus\u00e3o suave.<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n
<\/div>\n\n\n\n
D. Chaves Estrangeiras e \u00cdndices<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
\u00cdndices e Chaves Estrangeiras s\u00e3o cruciais para performance e integridade:<\/p>\n\n\n\n
PHP<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Schema::table('products', function (Blueprint $table) {\n    \/\/ Chave Estrangeira (FK)\n    $table->unsignedBigInteger('category_id'); \n    $table->foreign('category_id') \n          ->references('id')->on('categories')\n          ->onDelete('cascade'); \/\/ A\u00e7\u00e3o em cascata (opcional)\n\n    \/\/ \u00cdndices\n    $table->unique('email'); \/\/ Garante que e-mail \u00e9 \u00fanico\n    $table->index('name');   \/\/ Melhora a busca pelo nome\n});\n<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n
<\/div>\n\n\n\n
3. \ud83c\udfc3 Execu\u00e7\u00e3o e Revers\u00e3o de Migrations<\/h2>\n\n\n\n
O Artisan fornece comandos essenciais para gerenciar o estado do banco de dados.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Comando<\/strong><\/td>Fun\u00e7\u00e3o<\/strong><\/td><\/tr><\/thead>
php artisan migrate<\/code><\/strong><\/td>Executa todas as migrations<\/em> pendentes.<\/td><\/tr>
php artisan migrate:rollback<\/code><\/strong><\/td>Reverte (executa down()<\/code>) o \u00faltimo lote de migrations<\/em>.<\/td><\/tr>
php artisan migrate:refresh<\/code><\/strong><\/td>Reverte todas<\/strong> e executa todas<\/strong> novamente.<\/td><\/tr>
php artisan migrate:fresh<\/code><\/strong><\/td>Exclui todas as tabelas<\/strong> e executa todas as migrations<\/em> novamente. (Ideal para desenvolvimento).<\/td><\/tr>
php artisan migrate --force<\/code><\/strong><\/td>Executa migrations<\/em> em ambiente de produ\u00e7\u00e3o (ignora o prompt de confirma\u00e7\u00e3o).<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n
<\/div>\n\n\n\n
4. \ud83d\udd17 Exemplo: Tabela com Relacionamento (FK)<\/h2>\n\n\n\n
PHP<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\/\/ Cria a tabela de relacionamento (neste caso, a categoria)\nSchema::create('categories', function (Blueprint $table) {\n    $table->id();\n    $table->string('name')->unique();\n    $table->timestamps();\n});\n\n\/\/ Cria a tabela com a chave estrangeira\nSchema::create('products', function (Blueprint $table) {\n    $table->id();\n    $table->string('name');\n    $table->decimal('price', 8, 2);\n    \n    \/\/ 1. Defini\u00e7\u00e3o da coluna FK\n    $table->unsignedBigInteger('category_id'); \n    \n    \/\/ 2. Defini\u00e7\u00e3o da restri\u00e7\u00e3o de chave estrangeira\n    $table->foreign('category_id')\n          ->references('id')\n          ->on('categories')\n          ->onDelete('restrict');\n    \n    $table->timestamps();\n});\n\n\/\/ No down(), a ordem de exclus\u00e3o \u00e9 importante (dependente -> pai)\npublic function down(): void\n{\n    Schema::dropIfExists('products'); \/\/ Primeiro, a tabela que tem a FK\n    Schema::dropIfExists('categories'); \/\/ Depois, a tabela referenciada\n}\n<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n
<\/div>\n\n\n\n
\u2705 Conclus\u00e3o Laravel Migrations<\/h2>\n\n\n\n
Laravel Migrations:<\/strong> As migrations<\/em> s\u00e3o o fundamento para gerenciar o esquema do banco de dados de forma profissional e segura. Elas permitem que voc\u00ea evolua a estrutura de dados de sua aplica\u00e7\u00e3o de maneira revers\u00edvel<\/strong> e rastre\u00e1vel<\/strong>, facilitando o desenvolvimento em equipe e a implanta\u00e7\u00e3o em diferentes ambientes. Dominar os comandos migrate<\/code><\/strong>, rollback<\/code><\/strong> e o uso da Facade Schema<\/code><\/strong> \u00e9 indispens\u00e1vel para qualquer desenvolvedor Laravel.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Mas antes de dominar o Laravel, se for o seu caso, toda jornada tem um in\u00edcio. Vamos entender quais s\u00e3o os conhecimentos b\u00e1sicos necess\u00e1rios para aproveitar ao m\u00e1ximo este poderoso framework. Para iniciar seus estudos no Laravel, voc\u00ea precisar\u00e1 dominar as seguintes tecnologias:<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\n
\n
\"HTML\"<\/a>
HTML<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n
\n
\"CSS\"<\/a>
CSS<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n
\n
\"Javascript\"<\/a>
JavaScript<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n
\n
\n
\"SQL\"<\/a>
SQL<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n
\n
\"Capa<\/a>
PHP<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n
E se voc\u00ea gosta do nosso conte\u00fado, n\u00e3o deixe de contribuir adquirindo os servi\u00e7os e produtos dos nossos apoiadores e empresas que somos associados:<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\n
\n
\"Hospedagem<\/a><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n
\n
\"Ofertas<\/a><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n
\n
\"Amazon<\/a><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"
Tempo de leitura: <\/span>  4<\/span> minutos<\/span><\/span>As Laravel Migrations atuam como um sistema de controle de vers\u00e3o para o esquema do…<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":1642,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[18],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-3256","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-laravel","wpcat-18-id"],"yoast_head":"\nLaravel Migrations - BLOG THIAGO ROSSI<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Laravel Migrations: Este artigo explora em detalhes o sistema de migrations do Laravel, desde a gera\u00e7\u00e3o at\u00e9 a aplica\u00e7\u00e3o e revers\u00e3o de ...\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/thiagorossi.com.br\/blog\/laravel-migrations\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"pt_BR\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Laravel Migrations - 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