{"id":3246,"date":"2024-12-22T13:38:11","date_gmt":"2024-12-22T16:38:11","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/thiagorossi.com.br\/blog\/?p=3246"},"modified":"2025-12-10T10:21:14","modified_gmt":"2025-12-10T13:21:14","slug":"laravel-query-builder","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/thiagorossi.com.br\/blog\/laravel-query-builder\/","title":{"rendered":"Laravel Query Builder"},"content":{"rendered":"Tempo de leitura: <\/span> 4<\/span> minutos<\/span><\/span>\n

O Laravel Query Builder<\/strong> \u00e9 uma interface elegante e poderosa que permite aos desenvolvedores construir e executar consultas SQL de forma program\u00e1tica, sem escrever SQL bruto. Ele atua como uma camada de abstra\u00e7\u00e3o que simplifica o acesso ao banco de dados, oferece seguran\u00e7a contra inje\u00e7\u00f5es de SQL<\/strong> (gra\u00e7as ao uso autom\u00e1tico de bindings<\/em>) e melhora a legibilidade<\/strong> e manuten\u00e7\u00e3o<\/strong> do c\u00f3digo.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Este artigo detalha as principais funcionalidades do Query Builder, desde filtros b\u00e1sicos at\u00e9 opera\u00e7\u00f5es avan\u00e7adas como Joins e Unions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

<\/div>\n\n\n\n

1. \u2699\ufe0f Estrutura e Recupera\u00e7\u00e3o B\u00e1sica<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Toda consulta come\u00e7a com a Facade DB<\/code><\/strong> e o m\u00e9todo table('nome_tabela')<\/code><\/strong>, que retorna uma inst\u00e2ncia do construtor de consultas.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

<\/div>\n\n\n\n

A. Selecionando a Tabela<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

PHP<\/p>\n\n\n\n

use Illuminate\\Support\\Facades\\DB;\n\n\/\/ Cria o construtor para a tabela 'users'\n$query = DB::table('users'); \n\n\/\/ Executa a consulta SELECT * FROM users\n$users = $query->get(); \n<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n
O m\u00e9todo get()<\/code><\/strong> executa a consulta e retorna um objeto Collection<\/code> contendo os resultados como objetos an\u00f4nimos (stdClass<\/em>).<\/p>\n\n\n\n
<\/div>\n\n\n\n
B. Especificando Colunas (select<\/code>)<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
Use select()<\/code> para especificar as colunas que voc\u00ea deseja buscar, o que \u00e9 crucial para performance.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
PHP<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\/\/ SELECT id, name, email FROM users\n$users = DB::table('users')->select('id', 'name', 'email')->get();\n<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n
Voc\u00ea tamb\u00e9m pode usar SQL Bruto<\/strong> com o m\u00e9todo DB::raw()<\/code><\/strong> (com cautela):<\/p>\n\n\n\n
PHP<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\/\/ SELECT COUNT(*) as total_users FROM users\n$users = DB::table('users')\n            ->select(DB::raw('COUNT(*) as total_users'))\n            ->get();\n<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n
<\/div>\n\n\n\n
2. \ud83e\udde9 Cl\u00e1usulas de Filtro (where<\/code>)<\/h2>\n\n\n\n
As cl\u00e1usulas where<\/code> s\u00e3o usadas para filtrar os resultados (equivalente \u00e0 cl\u00e1usula WHERE<\/code> do SQL).<\/p>\n\n\n\n
<\/div>\n\n\n\n
A. Filtros Simples e Comuns<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
M\u00e9todo<\/strong><\/td>Equivalente SQL<\/strong><\/td>Exemplo<\/strong><\/td><\/tr><\/thead>
where<\/code><\/strong><\/td>WHERE status = 'active'<\/code><\/td>where('status', 'active')<\/code><\/td><\/tr>
where<\/code><\/strong><\/td>WHERE votes > 100<\/code><\/td>where('votes', '>', 100)<\/code><\/td><\/tr>
whereIn<\/code><\/strong><\/td>WHERE id IN (1, 2, 3)<\/code><\/td>whereIn('id', [1, 2, 3])<\/code><\/td><\/tr>
whereBetween<\/code><\/strong><\/td>WHERE votes BETWEEN 10 AND 100<\/code><\/td>whereBetween('votes', [10, 100])<\/code><\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n
<\/div>\n\n\n\n
B. Cl\u00e1usulas OR<\/code> e Agrupamento<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
Para agrupar cl\u00e1usulas WHERE<\/code> de forma complexa (ex: WHERE A OR (B AND C)<\/code>), voc\u00ea passa uma Closure<\/strong> para o m\u00e9todo orWhere<\/code> ou where<\/code>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
PHP<\/p>\n\n\n\n
$users = DB::table('users')\n    ->where('status', 'active') \/\/ WHERE status = 'active'\n    ->orWhere(function ($query) {\n        $query->where('votes', '>', 100)  \/\/ AND (votes > 100\n              ->where('country', 'US');   \/\/ AND country = 'US')\n    })->get();\n<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n
<\/div>\n\n\n\n
3. \ud83e\udd1d Joins (Uni\u00f5es)<\/h2>\n\n\n\n
O Query Builder suporta todos os tipos de Joins<\/em>, permitindo que voc\u00ea combine dados de m\u00faltiplas tabelas.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
<\/div>\n\n\n\n
A. Inner Join (Padr\u00e3o)<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
Retorna apenas os registros onde h\u00e1 correspond\u00eancia em ambas as tabelas.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
PHP<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\/\/ SELECT orders.*, users.name as user_name FROM orders \n\/\/ INNER JOIN users ON orders.user_id = users.id\n$orders = DB::table('orders')\n    ->join('users', 'orders.user_id', '=', 'users.id')\n    ->select('orders.*', 'users.name as user_name')\n    ->get();\n<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n
<\/div>\n\n\n\n
B. Left Join<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
Retorna todos os registros da tabela da esquerda e os registros correspondentes da direita (NULL onde n\u00e3o houver correspond\u00eancia).<\/p>\n\n\n\n
PHP<\/p>\n\n\n\n
$products = DB::table('products')\n    ->leftJoin('categories', 'products.category_id', '=', 'categories.id')\n    ->select('products.*', 'categories.name as category_name')\n    ->get();\n<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n
<\/div>\n\n\n\n
C. Unions<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
O m\u00e9todo union()<\/code><\/strong> combina os resultados de duas consultas separadas (exigindo que as colunas selecionadas sejam as mesmas).<\/p>\n\n\n\n
PHP<\/p>\n\n\n\n
$activeUsers = DB::table('users')->where('status', 'active');\n$usUsers = DB::table('users')->where('country', 'US');\n\n\/\/ Combina os resultados, removendo duplicatas\n$users = $activeUsers->union($usUsers)->get(); \n<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n
<\/div>\n\n\n\n
4. \u270d\ufe0f Modifica\u00e7\u00f5es de Dados (C.U.D)<\/h2>\n\n\n\n
A. Insert<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
O m\u00e9todo insert()<\/code><\/strong> pode ser usado para inserir um ou m\u00faltiplos registros.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
PHP<\/p>\n\n\n\n
DB::table('users')->insert([\n    'name' => 'John Doe',\n    'email' => 'john.doe@example.com',\n    'created_at' => now(), \/\/ Helpers de data\/hora\n    'updated_at' => now(),\n]);\n<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n
<\/div>\n\n\n\n
B. Update<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
O m\u00e9todo update()<\/code><\/strong> \u00e9 usado ap\u00f3s uma ou mais cl\u00e1usulas where<\/code>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
PHP<\/p>\n\n\n\n
DB::table('users')\n    ->where('id', 1) \/\/ Filtro\n    ->update(['votes' => 10, 'updated_at' => now()]); \/\/ Dados a atualizar\n<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n
<\/div>\n\n\n\n
C. Delete e Truncate<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
O m\u00e9todo delete()<\/code><\/strong> \u00e9 usado para remover registros espec\u00edficos, enquanto truncate()<\/code> limpa a tabela inteira e reseta o auto-incremento.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
PHP<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\/\/ DELETE FROM users WHERE votes = 0\nDB::table('users')->where('votes', 0)->delete(); \n\n\/\/ Exclui todos os registros e reseta o auto-incremento (r\u00e1pido)\nDB::table('logs')->truncate(); \n<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n
<\/div>\n\n\n\n
5. \ud83d\udcc4 Pagina\u00e7\u00e3o<\/h2>\n\n\n\n
O Query Builder suporta a pagina\u00e7\u00e3o de resultados diretamente atrav\u00e9s do m\u00e9todo paginate()<\/code>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
PHP<\/p>\n\n\n\n
public function searchUsers(Request $request)\n{\n    $query = DB::table('users');\n\n    \/\/ Aplica filtros din\u00e2micos\n    if ($request->has('name')) {\n        $query->where('name', 'like', '%' . $request->input('name') . '%');\n    }\n\n    \/\/ Retorna um Paginator com 10 resultados por p\u00e1gina\n    $users = $query->paginate(10); \n\n    return view('users.index', compact('users'));\n}\n<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n
<\/div>\n\n\n\n
\u2705 Conclus\u00e3o Laravel Query Builder<\/h2>\n\n\n\n
Laravel Query Builder:<\/strong> \u00c9 uma ferramenta essencial para construir queries<\/em> de banco de dados de forma segura<\/strong> e expressiva<\/strong>. Embora o Eloquent ORM<\/strong> seja ideal para intera\u00e7\u00f5es baseadas em objetos, o Query Builder oferece a flexibilidade<\/strong> e o controle de desempenho<\/strong> necess\u00e1rios para consultas diretas e complexas (como Joins e Unions), garantindo que seu c\u00f3digo seja limpo, manuten\u00edvel e protegido contra vulnerabilidades.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Mas antes de dominar o Laravel, se for o seu caso, toda jornada tem um in\u00edcio. Vamos entender quais s\u00e3o os conhecimentos b\u00e1sicos necess\u00e1rios para aproveitar ao m\u00e1ximo este poderoso framework. Para iniciar seus estudos no Laravel, voc\u00ea precisar\u00e1 dominar as seguintes tecnologias:<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\n
\n
\"HTML\"<\/a>
HTML<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n
\n
\"CSS\"<\/a>
CSS<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n
\n
\"Javascript\"<\/a>
JavaScript<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n
\n
\n
\"SQL\"<\/a>
SQL<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n
\n
\"Capa<\/a>
PHP<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n
E se voc\u00ea gosta do nosso conte\u00fado, n\u00e3o deixe de contribuir adquirindo os servi\u00e7os e produtos dos nossos apoiadores e empresas que somos associados:<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\n
\n
\"Hospedagem<\/a><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n
\n
\"Ofertas<\/a><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n
\n
\"Amazon<\/a><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"
Tempo de leitura: <\/span>  4<\/span> minutos<\/span><\/span>O Laravel Query Builder \u00e9 uma interface elegante e poderosa que permite aos desenvolvedores construir…<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":1642,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[18],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-3246","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-laravel","wpcat-18-id"],"yoast_head":"\nLaravel Query Builder - BLOG THIAGO ROSSI<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Laravel Query Builder: Este artigo explora em detalhes o laravel query builder, desde a execu\u00e7\u00e3o de consultas b\u00e1sicas at\u00e9 opera\u00e7\u00f5es mais ...\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/thiagorossi.com.br\/blog\/laravel-query-builder\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"pt_BR\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Laravel Query Builder - 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